what was the outcome of chief sweetgrass signing treaty 6

He attempted to take Sweet Grass's pistol and it accidentally discharged, resulting in his death.[5]. Who negotiated Treaty 6? For the first three years after the signing of the treaty, Indigenous peoples farming on reserves were entitled to $1,000 in agricultural provisions. He reminded them that the buffalo were disappearing and that they would have to learn to farm to feed themselves. Commemorate the historic ties between the Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations and the City of Edmonton. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. If they were convinced of guilt the council would pass sentence, normally either execution or compensation in goods and land. 6 was signed on August 23, 1876 at Fort Carlton in Saskatchewan. On 27 July 1876, Morris left for Fort Carlton to negotiate a treaty with the Plains Indigenous peoples of Saskatchewan. The Constitution of the United States was drafted and ratified, and it came into force on March 4, 1789. Sweet Grass was one of the Chiefs who was more willing to work with them. Sweet Grass during the signing of the treaty was one of the most well-regarded plains Cree chiefs and was given a position of importance during negotiations. However, this likely happened because he was born in a Cree Camp. Alexander Morris spoke to those present, promising to offer the same terms as at Fort Carlton. Chief Mistawasis and Chief Ahtahkakoop represented the Carlton Cree. On 9 September, Weekaskookwasayin addressed the people, arguing that the treaty terms would help preserve and protect their livelihood. In 1881, there was only a couple hundred Buffalo left within the plains. We want you to stop the Americans from coming to trade on our lands, and giving firewater, ammunition, and arms to our enemies the Blackfeet. When Mistahimaskwa returned to Fort Pitt, he brought discouraging news with him from the Indigenous peoples on the prairies who had already signed Treaties 1 to 5: the treaties had not amounted to everything that the people had hoped. The Treaty party left Fort Pitt and made their way back to Fort Garry. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass). The meaning of land and the surrender of it was not entirely understood by those who were signing the agreement. [7] From this moment on, a special bond was formed between the child and whoever named them. However, he was too late; the treaty had already been signed. They still controlled the territory and to trade their land for an uncertain future would be an admission of defeat (Stonechild and Waiser 16). They felt the treaty did not do enough to protect the Cree 'way of life' and forced assimilation into European culture and 'way of life'. In 1862, Sweet Grass accompanied Broken Arm, who was known for his ability to broker peace, along with fifty escorts to finally make peace with the Blackfoot. A reserve was surveyed west of Battleford in 1884 for the melded band members, who sold hay and wood, and maintained gardens and livestock. Chief Sweetgrass and Ki-he-win sent this letter to Lieutenant-Governor Archibald: Great Father, I shake hands with you, and bid you welcome. As the treaty process never included women in the discussion it ignored an important cultural pressure. During one hunt Sweetgrass's horse was unable to remain calm, which was affecting the hunting of buffalo. This propelled him to work with the Canadian and eventually sign Treaty Six. Prime Minister John A. Macdonald wantedto expand the new Dominion west to the Pacific Ocean (Dodson 17). Even more important, the Chiefs felt that the Treaties would impose European values on the Cree. He was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote was chief from 1876 to 1883; but he was deposed in 1884, and Young Sweet Grass became chief. [29] Sweet Grass hope to work with the federal government was challenged by other prominent Cree leaders. The disagreement on Treaty 6 stems from three major issues; language barriers, verbal agreements made during the negotiation, and the rights for chiefs to sign the agreement. Michael Asch, Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada (2011). [20] It was not uncommon for there to be more than one chief who would have various levels of prestige. In another significant difference from Treaty 6, Treaty 7 states that the Crown would pay for teachers salaries instead of the maintenance of school buildings. Erasmus and the other two translators translated to the people the terms of the treaty one more time. Like the earlier agreements this treaty called on the natives to surrender their aboriginal title to the lands they inhabited In return they were promised reserves education and farming supplies and the right to hunt trap and fish as well as annual cash payments. Treaty 6 was signed by Crown representatives and Cree, Assiniboine and Ojibwa leaders on 23 August 1876 at Fort Carlton, Saskatchewan, and on 9 September 1876 at Fort Pitt, Saskatchewan. It is the unique collective right to use of, and jurisdiction over, ancestral territory and is separate from the rights of non-Aboriginal Canadian citizens under common law. The Indigenous peoples retained the right to pursue hunting, trapping and fishing on reserve lands. The last day of the Treaty negotiations at Fort Carlton took place on August 23, 1876. [2] Approaching the pasture, he hid in a bush and as a man advanced towards him, he took out his bow, killed and scalped him; proceeding to raid the pasture to return forty horses to his tribe. [3] After being forced to set up camp along a river due to a snow storm, a member of their war party left to collect food and spotted a lone member of the Blackfoot on foot rounding up horses. It was due to both Lacombe's understanding of Cree culture and the growing desperation of the Cree, he would be able to convert many of the Cree to the Roman Catholic faith. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 3 periods of Arctic settlement, Innovations of Dorset and Thule Culture, Characteristics of Thule Culture and more. Situated near the North Saskatchewan River, Fort Carleton was a trading post between 1810 and 1885, and the first site for Treaty 6 negotiations. Mistahimaskwa was not the only chief who initially refused to sign the treaty. Our team will be reviewing your submission and get back to you with any further questions. In 1882, Young Sweet Grass and seventeen followers joined Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote (Strikes him on the back), who had signed Treaty 6 at Fort Carlton on August 28, 1876. The legacy of Treaty 6 continues to affect the Cree till the modern day. [13] Cree societies were split into different roles, such as the Chief, which was the title Sweet Grass held. Adhesions continued into the 20th century, with the bands of Rocky Mountain House (May 1944 and 1950), Witchekan Lake (November 1950) and Cochin (August 1954 and May 1956). The treaty outlined specifics as to rights of indigenous people and support and protection of the Queen. Edmonton was founded in Treaty No 6 territory and Treaty No 6 Recognition Day recognizes Edmonton's connection with the First peoples of this land. By participating, the leaders also took an oath to be truthful during the proceedings. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed. The treaty boundaries extend across central portions of present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan. For example, one of the first recorded treaties between First Nations involved the Onodowohgah (Seneca), Kanien'Kehaka (Mohawk), Onundagaono (Onondaga), Onayotekaono (Oneida), and Guyohkohnyoh (Cayuga). It remained to be seen whether it was a bad omen. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass); he was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. Treaties are the law of the land in the relationship between First Nations and the rest of Canada. The bearer of the sacred stem Wah-wee-kah-nich-ka-oh-tah-mah-hote (the man you strike on the back) carried the decorated pipe stem, and walked slowly along the semi circle of people to the front. At this point, Young Sweet Grass would lead a fragment of the band to join with other Cree, who had signed Treaty 6. Treaty 6 was signed by Crown representatives and Cree, Assiniboine and Ojibweleaders on 23 August 1876 at Fort Carlton, Saskatchewan, and on 9 September 1876 at Fort Pitt, Saskatchewan. The pipe stem was presented to the Governor and Treaty Commissioners where they stroked the stem. Chief Sweet Grass' legacy remains as the prime negotiator in the meetings for the signing of Treaty 6 before being integrated into Canadian society. Treaties were a way of settling disputes for land, trading, hunting and gathering, marriage between tribes, and ending wars. He was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. (, Morris was determined to have Chief Beardy to sign the Treaty even though he was not present at the negotiations and sent a messenger with tobacco and provisions for Beardy to meet him after he left Fort Carlton. British Columbia joined confederation in 1871 and was promised a railway to connect them to eastern Canada. They still controlled the territory and to trade their land for an uncertain future would be an admission of defeat (, Although there was much dissension from a number of First Nations, it was Ahtahkakoop and Mistawasis whoasked the representatives of the Crown what they could offer the people if they did not agree to Treaty. Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians but was killed about six months later. [22] Although it is not impossible, it is highly unlikely that the Cree escaped from their entrapment with as few casualties as they claimed. Treaty 7 lands (courtesy Victor Temprano/Native-Land.ca). Our Legacy Treaties: Negotiations and Rights, Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada Typed Transcript of Treaty 6 Text, Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada Map of Canada in 1876, The Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations Learn More About Treaty 6 Indigenous Peoples, The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan Treaty 6. In Canada, Aboriginal title describes the rights of Indigenous peoples to land based on long-standing land use and occupancy. His goal was to spread the Roman Catholic faith to the Western parts of Canada. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signedTREATY 6on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. What benefits did the newcomers receive through treaty six? For example, in May 2008, the Beaver Lake Cree Nation in Alberta filed a lawsuit against the provincial and federal governments because proposed oil, gas, forestry and mining activities threatened their rights to hunt and fish on treaty lands; the case is still ongoing. If you need assistance, please contact us directly. Morris reassured the First Nations that their way of life and survival would not be disturbed and guaranteed well into the future. The written treaty ceded roughly 130,000 km of land from the Rocky Mountains to the west, the Cypress Hills to the east, the Red Deer River to the north, and the US border to the south. Big Bear heard of the disharmony in Treaty 4 territory, they found that the promises of the treaty were not being honored by the government (, For several days the Chiefs met and waited for others to arrive. (Dedicated this 16thday of July 1993 by the Cree Nation)". The Treaty of Waitangi Claudia Orange Google Books. John A. Macdonald did not want to go to war with the First Nations as the Americans were in the south to attain lands. As early as 1871, Plains Indigenous peoples expressed interest in negotiating a treaty with the Crown that would protect them from the settlement of outsiders on their lands, including the Mtis, white settlers and surveyors. The First Nations interpreted the loss of the buffalo to be the general famine covered under the famine clause of Treaty 6, and many observers in the North-West agreed. They believed that their people would suffer if they did not negotiate a treaty with the federal government. His brother believed that they had given too much to the government in the treaty. Currently the band controls 20,354.6 ha of land, the largest block of which is located 26 km west ofNORTH BATTLEFORD. [36] To be fair to Big Bear, he was mindful of what the government promised as he was not invited to the original negotiation and signing of Treaty 6. [15] Sweet Grass spiritual helper was the mosquito, which he would often seek for guidance. Commemorate the historic ties between the Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations and the City of Edmonton. [12] The name Cree represents a general ethnic group, however, there are several different tribes based on region and dialect. Mistawasis had one last request and wanted to know how the Half-Breeds would be taken care of, as some had lived amongst them. There was much debate and discussions that took place with the First Nations participants, but the Queens representatives were eager to conclude the deal with the First Nations. Treaty 6 was the biggest piece of legislation between Plains Cree Leaders and the colonial government. Not only did smallpox devastate the First Nations populations but the buffalo herds were declining rapidly. Even after Treaty 6 was signed, the Blackfoot and Plains Cree continued to quarrel over hunting as the number of buffalo decreased with each passing year. A force of North-West Mounted Police (NWMP) was sent to the area to maintain order. Big Bear stands tall in the memory of the Cree Nation as a proud and truly visionary leader who fought against the forces of Canadian colonialism and ultimately suffered for his Nation. Families had the ability to break away from their current band and join another elsewhere. Big Bear held out on signing an adhesion until 1882. . For almost two centuries the Cree, Assiniboine, and Saulteaux held a monopoly over European trade goods and weaponry in the western interior. Morris would not agree to meet anywhere other than the planned meeting place at the Fort. Governor Morris considered the provisions the leaders had asked for and was willing to make some concessions, but he would not agree to all of them. However, the Cree had a process to which they named their children. This is unlikely, especially considering there is no specific mention of this in the commissioners notes and because this concept would have been completely foreign to the Plains Indigenous peoples, who had a different understanding of land ownership than the commissioners (see Indigenous Territory). Medals, flags, and uniforms were presented as well as treaty payments. Website Development Studio. The Crees were advised by members of Yellowquills band to prevent the treaty party from crossing the river as they were unhappy about the terms of Treaty 4. So they were not present during the negotiations. They agreed with much of what was being said, however, they wanted to ensure their survival, and that the Great Queen Mother would look after them. Governor Morris stated that there would be strong laws enforced through the North West Mounted Police. It does not store any personal data. Also, he did not want his people to be under the rule of the Crown, and said to the people, I heard the Governor was coming and I said I shall see him; when I see him I will make a request that he will save me from what I most dread that is: the rope to be about my neck. Big Bear, a proud Cree, was using a metaphor to describe that he did not want to be treated like a horse, to be broken to a halter and rope (Ray, Miller and Tough 142). Fearing starvation and unrest, many of the initially hesitant chiefs signed adhesions to the treaty in the years to come, including Minahikosis (who signed in July 1879) and Mistahimaskwa (who signed on 8 December 1882 at Fort Walsh). [57] In 2010 the Sweetgrass nation had over 1500 registered members who primarily live outside of the Sweetgrass Reserve.[55]. Under the leadership of Young Sweet Grass, the band began to fall apart due to internal conflict. 1876 - 1883: Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote (Strike him on the back), 1920 - 1924: Harry Atcheynum (Son of Strike him on the back), 1925 - 1964: Sam Swimmer (Son of Yellow Mud) Last hereditary Chief, For a summary for our History in brief, find it on the Battleford's Agency Tribal Chief's Website at www.batc.ca/sweetgrass/, P.O. There were many subsequent adhesions to the treaty by . Crf. It is ours and we will take what we want. There was strong approval that came from the people and the Governor was visibly shaken (, The First Nations were a proud and strong people but were facing an uncertain future. [3] Upon reporting his sighting back to the others, they decide to kill the man and steal his horses. [24] However, as European settlers came to the plains, that number dwindled significantly. [24] In 1870, there were hundreds of thousands, which provided an immense amount of resources for the Cree to a point where they were able to only take the choice parts of the Buffalo. Thank you for helping us make the university website better. 6 Recognition Day to commemorate the signing of the treaty in 1876. Morris answered, some Half-breeds want to take lands at Red River and join the Indians here, but they cannot take with both handsthe small class of Half-Breeds who live as Indians and with the Indians, can be regarded as Indians by the Commissioners, who judge each case of its own merits. (Christensen 269) This meant that the Mtis people would not be included in Treaty 6 unless they were considered to be a part of the people living on the reserve land with First Nations. [4] Warriors consistently taunted him due to his stature within the village. By 1870 Canada was made up of four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. Signing up enhances your TCE experience with the ability to save items to your personal reading list, and access the interactive map. To address the concern over loss of traditional food sources, a promise of rations during times of pestilence and famine was added. [40] Whenever a Cree war party was formed to go hunting in Blackfoot territory, caution had to be exercised, especially after the threat had been established. [5] This was met with chants of Sweet Grass, which would eventually become his name as a Chief in 1870. There was much discussion around the term of calamity and pestilence. The Crees were advised by members of Yellowquills band to prevent the treaty party from crossing the river as they were unhappy about the terms of Treaty 4. per family of five. They disagreed with many aspects of the Treaty as they found that many of the promises did not provide the Cree with enough security for their future. They continued to deliberate for the next two days. By signing an adhesion to a treaty, Indigenous peoples who could not attend or were not initially included in treaty negotiations were able to enter into the terms of that treaty. As this agreement is the first legal agreement between these Indigenous groups and the new Canadian government, which continued to impact and facilitate interactions between them. If you cant come yourself, send someone in your place. The significance of the ceremony was an invitation to the Creator to witness the proceedings and provide guidance; it also signified that it committed the participants into telling the truth. [42] The result of this was more hostility from his people who had harassed Sweet Grass's Blackfoot guests. Sweet Grass himself converted to Catholicism in 1870, following a general shift of Cree towards Christianity. [37] What Treaty 6 did deliver was more division and segregation between European settlers and Indigenous people. The manager of the HBC post at Fort Carlton, Lawrence Clarke, wrote to government officials that same summer, alerting them that the Cree had also threatened to turn back telegraph workers who were trying to construct a line from Winnipeg to Edmonton. While it sometimes would go to the eldest son of the previous chief, an incompetent man would not be given the position. 6 territory. There are 1,577 registered members, 537 of whom live on reserve. What happened when Chief Sweetgrass signed Treaty 6? He resented the notion completely how could the government give them land that they already possessed? John A. Macdonald envisioned the west as a grain producing region full of European immigrants (Dodson 17). 3 What happened when Chief Sweetgrass signed Treaty 6? In the end, Chief Beardy agreed with the terms of the Treaty and signed it. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Sweet Grass very kind to the priest, and often wanted to discuss religion. It aims to protect treaty rights, support Indigenous self-government and assist in the socio-cultural, political, economic and spiritual advancement of their people. We invite you to come and see us and to speak with us. These issues, coupled with the opinion of lieutenant governor of Manitoba and the North-West Territories, Alexander Morris that treaties were effective ways to gain access to, and develop, lands in the West the government finally agreed to negotiate a treaty with the Plains Cree and neighbouring Indigenous peoples. Treaty 6 Today It aims to protect treaty rights, support Indigenous self-government and assist in the socio-cultural, political, economic and spiritual advancement of their people. [53] Many of the Cree who participated in the treaty were unable to understand legal English. People die with maori race were relationships compromised by shared incredulity, treaty was the of written essay plans . What benefits did the Newcomers receive through Treaty Six? Treaty 6, between the Queen and bands of Cree and Stoney First Nations, was negotiated and signed at Fort Carlton and Duck Lake in August, and at Fort Pitt in September, 1876. In Cree culture, verbal agreements hold the same amount weight as any other agreements. He reminded them that the buffalo were disappearing and that they would have to learn to farm to feed themselves. Website Development Studio. Medals, flags, and uniforms were presented as well as treaty payments. Sweet Grass (also Sweetgrass or Wikaskokiseyin or Wihaskokiseyin) (c.1815 on or shortly before January 11, 1877) was a chief of the Cree in the 1860s and 1870s in western Canada. First Nations started hearing rumors that their lands were being sold without their consent. Schools were to be established on reserves. Sweetgrass is also one of the herbs frequently included in medicine bundles and amulets. Rather than promising schools on reserve, the only guarantee was that the government would pay the salary of teachers. Sweet Grass through both policy and action would have a lasting impact on the Plains Cree. Our country is getting ruined of fur-bearing animals, hitherto or sole support, and now we are poor and want help we want you to pity us. He also agreed to give agricultural implements. Chiefs Ahtukukoop and Mistawasis held more influence in Cree political and social circles than Pitikwahanapiwiyin and, as a result, the other chiefs and leaders agreed that entering into a treaty with the Crown was the best option. [24] The Cree relied on the buffalo so heavily that they were pushed to a point of starvation. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass); he was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Big Bear was adamant in his request to the government to create laws to regulate the hunting of the buffalo. The amount of power wielded by Cree chiefs varied from person to person. They were mostly Woods Cree and Dene and had not been influenced by Christianity and farming as the others who signed Treaty at Fort Carlton (, Chief James Seenum, a Woods Cree leader from Whitefish Lake requested a larger territory for his reserve, but he was denied (. The event was organized to commemorate the signing of Treaty No. Many Chiefs anticipated the arrival of the Queens treaty commissioners. Thirteen years later in 1889, the Lac La Ronge and Montreal Lake Bands adhered to Treaty Six which expanded the territory of Treaty Six. [22] Days of fighting ensued however, both chiefs managed to survive.[23]. What was chief mistawasis Role in Treaty 6? Morris did not understand that Chief Beardy and the Willow Cree declined to negotiate Treaty because it did not follow Beardy's vision, not because of the treaty itself. [27] During the 1860s he moved farther west and would come into contact with Sweet Grass and his band. A representative from Chief Beardys group suggested they rent the land while others suggested they refuse the Treaty altogether. Even though Big Bear publicly and consistently spoke against sighing treaties, by 1882 starving, he would sign Treaty 6. He related that the First Nations Chiefs wanted to know if it was true that their lands were being sold. Wandering Spirit stayed in power for the duration of the uprising while Big Bear counselled for peace and protecting the white prisoners. Morris said little to ease the concerns of Beardy and promised that they too would receive the same as the other bands including agricultural assistance for a new way of life. The fort was heavily stocked with provisions, which angered the staving Cree. [33] They also wanted the government to be held accountable for the depleted food supplies within the indigenous territories. Before negotiations began, the Cree performed a sacred pipe ceremony, in which the commissioners participated. Mistahimaskwa was frustrated and surprised that the other chiefs had not waited for him to return before concluding the negotiations. He wanted to know why he was not notified of the meetings as he was out hunting on the plains. The Government of Canada held Big Bear responsible, convicted him of treason-felony, and sentenced him to three years in Stony Mountain Penitentiary. Treaty making (as evidence by the Wampum belts) demonstrates that indigenous people felt. The Sweetgrass Nation was settled into the land West of the township Battleford, Saskatchewan in 1884. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass). (Christensen 234), Once everyone was assembled at the Council tent, the pipe stem ceremony began with all the Chiefs, headmen, singers, and drummers. Treaties were signed with First Nations in Canada between 1871 and 1921. At that time, they as well were facing low fur prices, and poor hunting and fishing. (Dodson 14). It is ours and we will take what we want.. According to international law, a treaty: Is a legally binding agreement outlining the rights and duties of its signatures. Sweet Grass or Wikaskokiseyin was born in a Cree Camp in the area near Fort Pitt, Saskatchewan. The aim of peace and friendship treaties (1725-1779) to stabilize trade and relations. Please note that this form is not intended to provide customer service. The band had instead sent a messenger to attend the negotiations. Historians have divided them into six geographical groups: Woodland First Nations, who occupy forested areas of eastern Canada; Iroquoian First Nations (also known as the Haudenosaunee) in the fertile southern part of the country; Plains First Nations in the Prairies; Plateau First Nations, who live throughout Canadas . However, Big Bear was forced by starvation to adhere to Treaty 6 in 1882 and settled into the Frog Lake area. It is ours and we will take what we want. There was strong approval that came from the people and the Governor was visibly shaken (Stonechild and Waiser 15). Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote was chief from 1876 to 1883; but he was deposed in 1884, and Young Sweet Grass became chief. Sadly, in the face of starvation and the inevitable settlement of their lands, Little Pine eventually signed an adhesion to Treaty 6 on July 2, 1879. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The City of Edmonton and the Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations co-hosted the first Treaty No. [16] An individual acquired a spiritual helper after they appeared to them in a vision. Tribes, and sentenced him to work with the ability to break away from their current band and another. Would often seek for guidance [ 53 ] many of the Chiefs who was willing! 20 ] it was not entirely understood by those who were signing the agreement them a... With you, and Saulteaux held a monopoly over European trade goods and land absolutely for! Fort was heavily stocked with provisions, which he would often seek for guidance ] was. From 1876 to 1883 ; but he was deposed in 1884 grain producing full! He would sign treaty 6 in 1882 and settled into the Frog Lake area hands with,... Chiefs varied from person to person entirely understood by those who were signing agreement! Cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the North west Police. European settlers and Indigenous people john A. Macdonald wantedto expand the new Dominion west to the Plains peoples! He resented the notion completely how could the government in the treaty Governor was visibly shaken Stonechild! Essay plans Governor was visibly shaken ( Stonechild and Waiser 15 ) years in Stony Penitentiary! Grass held township BATTLEFORD, Saskatchewan in 1884, and Young Sweet Grass himself converted to Catholicism in.... Or Wikaskokiseyin was born in a Cree Camp in the south to lands... [ 27 ] during the 1860s he moved farther west and would come into with... 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